Jalal Al-e Ahmad was born to a clerical religious family in Tehran in 1923. A teacher all his life, he joined the Communist Tudeh Party in 1943 and quickly rose through its ranks, becoming a member of the party committee for Tehran, before breaking with the Tudeh in 1947 in protest over Soviet influence. Al-e Ahmad was an influential and prolific writer and social critic, whose body of work includes short stories, notably the collection "An Exchange of Visits"; novels including "By the Pen," T"he School Principal," and "A Stone on a Grave"; travelogues including "A Straw in Mecca," "A Journey to Russia," and "A Journey to America"; anthropological studies; essays; reviews; and translations. His best known work is "Gharbzadegi" ("Occidentosis"), which has also been translated to English as Weststruckness and Westoxification, a cultural critique of Westernization in Iran. In 2013, Restless Books published his polemical work based on his journey to Israel as "The Israeli Republic." Al-e Ahmad was married to the novelist and translator Simin Daneshvar; the couple had no children. He died in 1969. Simin Daneshvar (born April 28, 1921, Shiraz, Iran died March 8, 2012, Tehran, Iran), was an Iranian author who wrote the enduringly popular "Savushun "(1969; published in English as "Savushun: A Novel About Modern Iran," 1990, and as "A Persian Requiem," 1991), the first modern Persian-language novel written by a woman. In 1948, while Daneshvar was studying Persian literature at the University of Tehran (Ph.D., 1949), she published a short-story collection, "Atesh-e khamush" ("The Quenched Fire"), the first such book by a woman to come out in Iran. She published a second collection, "Shahri chun behesht" (1961; "A City as Paradise") before embarking on "Savushun." Later novels include "Jazireh-ye Sargardani" (1992; "The Island of Perplexity") and "Sareban-e sargardan" (2002; "Wandering Caravan Master"). She was also known for her translations into Persian of such writers as Anton Chekhov and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Daneshvar was married (1950 69) to noted writer and intellectual Jalal Al-e Ahmad and taught art history at the University of Tehran from the late 1950s until her retirement in 1979. Samuel Thrope is a writer and translator based in Jerusalem. Born and raised in Arlington, Massachusetts, he earned his PhD at the University of California, Berkeley. He is currently a fellow at the Martin Buber Society at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Bernard Avishai lives in Jerusalem and New Hampshire. He is a visiting professor of government at Dartmouth and an adjunct professor of business at Hebrew University. His most recent book is" Promiscuous: "Portnoy s Complaint" and Our Doomed Pursuit of Happiness." He is also the author of "The Tragedy of Zionism" and "The Hebrew Republic.""